Essay Bare Witness of the Holocaust - 1435 Words

Bearing witness When we encounter a Holocaust survivor, a lot of questions come to our mind. We start to wonder how did they manage to survive. We tend to assume that once the Holocaust was over, survivors began to reestablish their lives and their pain disappeared. However, Holocaust survivors suffered, and even after 70 years after the liberation, Holocaust survivors still experience difficulties on their day-to-day basis. In the years followed the Holocaust they struggled with their painful memories while attempting to renew their lives, most of them in new countries. The Holocaust was one of the greatest massacres against humanity. As time goes by, the Holocaust survivors’ memories start to fade. The obligation to remember is engraved†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Even in this place one can survive, and therefore one must want to survive, to tell the story, to bear witness; and that to survive we must force ourselves to save at least the skeleton, the scaffolding, the form of civil ization. We are slaves, deprived of every right, exposed to every insult, condemned to certain death, but we still possess one power, and we must defend it with all our strength for it is the last – the power to refuse our consent.† – Primo Levi, Survival in Auschwitz. Just like Primo Levi, many Holocaust survivors wrote books to keep their memory alive. Ernest W. Michel is a Holocaust survivor that his calligraphy skills saved his life. As he was walking to the gas chamber, an SS officer asked the crowd who knew how to write. Ernest quickly raised his hand and started writing death certificates. Ernest is 89 years now, and his way of bearing witness is by going around the world telling his story. Due to his age, he keeps his memory alive by writing flash cards to remember the struggle he went through. Many Holocaust survivors do things like Michel to keep their memory alive, not just for them, but also for theShow MoreRelatedShooting Stars by Carol Ann Duffy Critical Essay1635 Words   |  7 Pages------------------------------------------------- â€Å"Shooting Stars† is a horrific and moving poem written by Carol Ann Duffy. She adopts the persona of a female Jew speaking out from beyond the grave about her terrifying ordeal before she died in the Holocaust. A powerful impression is left on the reader after reading Duffy’s dramatic monologue and visual descriptions of her ordeal and immense suffering. She urges the reader to remember what the Jewish victims were forced to go through, and begs us notRead MoreNight, By Elie Wiesel1083 Words   |  5 PagesThe Holocaust is arguably one of the most horrific events in human history. As the last Jewish survivors are passing away from old age, the importance of Holocaust related documentation is going to be imperative in teaching the next generations about the monstrosities that went on during this time. In the 1960 novel, Night, Elie Wiesel utilizes several literary devices, including the symbology of nighttime, motif of religious practices, and theme of father-son relationships, in order to emphasizeRead MoreThe Cult Of The Second World War For The Soviet Union1269 Words   |  6 Pagesatrocities from the audience, as with previous films of the genre. Florian bares witness to a man who has been badly burnt by the Germans and left for dead, the disembodied foot of a comrade who stepped on a landmine, and the entire latter half of the film, which features the complete destruction of an entire Belorussian town and murder of its inhabitants by gleeful German occupiers. 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(The Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity)Read MoreRights and Responsibilities of the Jewish People during the Holocaust1193 Words   |  5 Pagesalso many cartoons that showed Jews as if they were hooked-nosed. The influence of the newspaper was spreading fast and by 1938 almost half a million copies where distributed a week. Lots of horrible stuff happened in the holocaust. Shep Zitler is a survivor of the holocaust. In February 1939 shep was drafted into the polish army. The Jews would live on one side of the street while the poles lived on the other side. The main languages they spoke where Yiddish and Russian. His lieutenant was namedRead MoreThe Battle Of Gun Control847 Words   |  4 Pageshave the Right to bare arms to hunt and protect as stated by the 2nd amendment of the bill of rights, and based on any United States citizen’s desire to own and use their gun are free to do so in order to hunt and protect their families as long they don’t cause any kind of harm physical or psychological to other United States citizen and step over their freedom by any mean. Pro guns members claim that guns prevent home robbery, saves other peoples lives when an armed citizen witness a crime he/she canRead MoreGhetto Life Under the Nazis2347 Words   |  10 Pagesconditions of the ghetto, explained that cold and shivering Jews felt helpless as they watched others suffer from the cold. He lamented that â€Å"the most fearful sight †¦ [was] that of freezing children, [standing] dumbly weeping in the street with bare feet, bare knees and torn clothing.† (Dawidowicz 209) The cramped conditions, meager food rations and general lack of cleanliness caused rampant disease throughout the ghettos. Persistent hunger, intense labor, and constant fear of deportation caused anRead MoreShooting Stars Analysis Carol Ann Duffyt1433 Words   |  6 PagesShooting Star – Carol Ann Duffy The poem Shooting Stars by Carol Ann Duffy tells a shocking story of a female prisoner held by Nazis in a concentration camp around the time of the Holocaust. The poem is set in 1940, Hitler and his Nazi party had taken control of most of Europe and had vowed to exterminate the entire Jewish race. Duffys haunting use of imagery and word choice make this poem so memorable and its very strong opening prepares the reader for the rest of the poem. The

The Constitution Of The United States - 2761 Words

In this world we live in the Amendments to the Constitution of the United States is very important. Without the Amendments Constitution to protect us, the citizens our rights, this world would be very hard to live in. I am glad that the Constitution is around and available, thanks to our Founding Fathers, we have a rulebook for almost everything we can think of. To me, the most important part of the Constitution is the Amendments, as it should be there to protect us the citizens. My focus on this essay is our Second Amendment, to find out the real meaning of it and our rights. I am here to dissect the real meaning of the second Amendment â€Å"A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed†. What does the statement really mean? How are we protected by the Second Amendment? Was the Second Amendment made for us in mind or for the government’s own protection? That’s what this research paper is all about, I’m here to find out everything and anything I can. According to the Keeping the Republic textbook, the founders did not pass the Amendment for the concerns of our freedom. On Page 140 of the textbook, it shows a breakdown of what they exactly had in mind. It shows that the government created the Bill of Rights political documents more of fear that a powerful national government will coercive power of the state for it’s own end. So yes, we have our Amendments, but there is alwaysShow MoreRelatedThe United States Constitution And The Constitution Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States Constitution, this very detailed group of words was written in 1787, but it did not take effect until after it was ratified in 1789, when it replaced the Articles of Confederation. It remains the basic law of the United States then and till the present day of 2016. The first state to ratify the Constitution was Delaware; the last of the original thirteen to ratify was Rhode Island and since only nine were required, this was two years aft er it went into effect. When the U.S. ConstitutionRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States Constitution Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pages(framers’ of the U.S. Constitution) position on the Presidency: The framers experienced the abuse of the English monarchs and their colonial governors. As a result, the framers were skeptical of the excessive executive authority. Furthermore, they also feared excessive legislative powers. This was something that the Articles of Confederation had given their own state legislatures. The framers of the constitution deliberately fragmented power between the national government, the states, and among the executiveRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States885 Words   |  4 Pages In 1787, our founding fathers came up with a few principles that would establish what we now know as the United States of America. These principles were put on paper to serve as a guideline for how the United States would be operated and structured. This historical piece paper became known as the Constitution of the United States. In the Constitution, a Preamble is implemented at the beginning that essentially tells what the founding fathers set out to do. â€Å"We The People, in order to form a moreRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States894 Words   |  4 Pagesthe substratum for that country. A Constitution can be defined as a document that is the substratum of the country’s principles. Elements in the Constitution may contain sundry information. Which can include: how many terms a leader may serve, what rights the citizens have, how the judicial system works, etc. The United States in no different from those countries. Every constitution is different, no country has the exact constitution as another. The U.S Constitution is a four-page document detailingRead MoreThe United States Constitution Essay1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States constitution was written in 1787 by the founding fathers of this country. Now it might be appropriate to question why a document that is the basis of the government for one of the most culturally and racially diverse countries in the world, was written by a group of heterosexual, cisgender, rich, white men. Some might think that a constitution written well over 200 years ago would be outdated and irrelevant to the American society of today but with some research, it is quite theRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States756 Words   |  4 PagesPromulgation and Legislation in the U.S. Constitution: The federal system of government of the United States is based on its constitution. The Constitution grants all authority to the federal government except the power that is delegated to the states. Each state in the United States has its own constitution, local government, statute, and courts. The Constitution of the United States sets the judiciary of the federal government and defines the extent of the federal court’s power. The federalRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1007 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States of America has previously experienced failure every now and then. With trial and error, the country has learned to correct its ways and move toward(s) perfecting itself. Realizing the ineffectiveness of the Articles of Confederation is a prime example of the U.S. learning how to better itself. Subsequent to the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution of the United States was set as our new and improved framework of government. Possessing knowled ge on how America, although strongRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States951 Words   |  4 Pageshappening again. Unlike the artifacts, The Constitution of the United States has not been forgotten, it is actually still very alive today. Unlike most relics, The Constitution still holds a very heroic and patriotic implication, freedom. With freedom comes self-government, freedom of speech, religious tolerance, etc. With all these things comes the great responsibility to adapt and fit to the wants and needs of the decade. Even though the Constitution was made for the interests of the people ofRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1338 Words   |  6 Pages The Constitution is the basis of law in The United States and has been since it was written in 1789. Since then it has been amended 27 times with the first ten amendments collectively known as the Bill of Rights. The US Constitution was preceded by the Articles of Confederation and supported by the Federalist Papers which we will touch more on later. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson all wrote or influenced The Constitution in a very important way. Alexander HamiltonRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1388 Words   |  6 PagesInterpretation of the Constitution is one of the biggest conflicts within the United States–the highly contentious issue of states’ rights resulted from two different interpretations of what powers should belong to the federal government versus what powers belong to the individual states. No issue has ever caused as much turmoil as the issue of states’ rights–but one side must have more v alid arguments. Should the federal government’s power be superior, or should the authority of the individual states be held

Role Of The Corporate HR Function In Global Talent - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Role Of The Corporate HR Function In Global Talent. Answer: I realised that the literature review executed in the previous assessment discussed about the challenges which a company faces while managing the global teams. There are numerous factors which plays crucial role in relevance with managing the global teams in the multinational corporations, thus, it is necessary to analyse the alternatives through which the impact of those factors could be minimised as well as the task of management of global teams could be performed in an appropriate manner. It has been observed that the multinational corporations faces huge challenges because their operations are based on different cultures, hence, management process also differs from the domestic or local companies (Tarique Schuler, 2010). In order to manage the operations of organization in an effective manner, organization is required to adopt certain effective measures such as cross cultural management method. In this method, organization may face several issues such as different beliefs, diffe rent culture, language issues, etc. and these entire plays crucial role in the success of an organization. Thus, with the help of outcomes originated from analysis conducted, it can be observed that the gaps identified between the techniques adopted by the management and the challenges faced by the organization in different cultures needs to be rectified using advanced approaches (Reiche, Mendenhall Stahl, 2016). Various topics had been discussed in the previous assessment in order to ascertain the gaps amongst the articles used in the previous task in relation with the challenges in relation with managing global terms. As per my opinion, companies engaged at the international level suffer from various challenges such as managing the entire process, controlling the functionalities of all branches and outlets of the organization from headquarter (Mendenhall, et. al., 2017). There are four main factors which mainly face the challenges in relevance with multi-cultural teams: Workplace culture; Project management; Communication systems; and Technology factors; Three articles have been analysed for identifying the challenges amongst managing the global terms. Following are those articles: Cross-cultural challenges for a global maritime enterprise. Managing organizational challenges in global projects. Cross cultural and strategic management. In the first article, it has been observed that modifications of cross cultural challenges have been discussed by the author. The major issue which has been observed in the article conversation issues due to difference in culture. Multinational companies operate its functionalities in various countries and this also leads the organization to appoint different employees from the local places. Due to unique cultures, management faces issues in performing its functionalities such as conveying their messages to the employees. Employees also face the same issue and this leads the organization towards various issues such as delay in accomplishment of the tasks, communication gap amongst the management and the employees. Due to unique cultural background of the employees, their functionalities, behaviour and the point of view differs in comparison with the management (Boutellier, Gassmann Von Zedtwitz, 2013). Due to this, organza ion becomes incapable to attain its desired goals in the par ticular time period. This also affects the relationship of the employees and the management and increases the cost of the organization in training and development sessions. As the observations, management of the multinational corporations needs to provide certain training and counselling sessions in order to teach them in relevance with the organizational functioning, policies and the methods used for accomplishment of the tasks. In order to fill the gap between the communication procedure of management and the employees, organization needs to adopt certain crucial strategies such as integrated communication system in order to develop the balance amongst the employees and management (Daim, et. al., 2012). This procedure helps the organization to manage its functionalities in an appropriate manner along with developing the effective ways through which the outcomes could be originated on the basis of organizational managements expectations. People from different cultures and backgroun d come with different understanding level which may be in relevance with the organizational requirement or it may be against the organizational requirements. This leads to the challenges for the organization which will extract negative outcomes and it will also affect the organizational procedures and their expectations. Managing all the employees with different backgrounds and cultures will require an effective management system which may require additional expenditures for providing training and counselling sessions in relevance with providing them the knowledge regarding companys policies, rules and regulations to accomplish tasks (Pless, Maak Stahl, 2011). The second article discussed in the previous assessment describes the challenges for the management in relevance with managing global projects. On the basis of this article, it has been observed that the article contains several dimensions through which multinational corporations get global advantages. In this article, certain factors has been discussed which are the primary reasons which acts as the failure of organization, barriers between the communication process, and the cultural differences (Farndale, Scullion Sparrow, 2010). All these factors relates to the cross cultural management system. Reviewing the content of authors, it has been observed that various multinational corporations are facing unique cultural issues through which the management activities have been affected. This has declined the effectiveness of management in order to manage their functionalities for managing the global teams. Due to which the organization is not able to accomplish its desired targets. Mana gement of the organizations are responsible for managing all the operations in an effective manner in order to extract the results on the basis of organizational expectations. They need to face issues from both sides i.e. from the top level members of the organization and from the employees who are facing cross cultural differences (Jones Jones, 2010). Managers needs to face real life scenarios and for managing the real life scenarios on the basis of top level managements expectations, it is required to adopt certain effective strategies through which balance amongst the two sides could be developed effectively. Along with the differences and issues, this article also contains the information regarding the benefits of managing the global teams. With the help of global team management experience, managers become capable enough to increase their efficiency in order to cope up with the requirement of various scenarios. After gaining experience in the management field, managers become capable enough to handle all types of issues from employees sides as well as from the top level management (Stahl, et. al., 2012). This also helps the employees to match up with the organizational requirements and it also increases their capabilities. This also led the organization to increase in the opportunities for the organization to accomplish its desired goals and the objectives as well as to set up an effective position in the target market. In this article, authors have used a term twin sword for defining the assortment of cultures. This has been used for describing the quality of the managers through which they organise and manage all the activities of the organization effectively. Numerous strategies could be adopted by the organizational management in the global market for improving their effectiveness as well as to gain the benefits from implications of those strategies. Third article is based over the cross cultural and strategic management issues and benefits. It also focuses over the key issues which resist due to cross cultural system in accordance with the global business communication function. From my observation, this article consist a unique approach anthropological approach and it seems to be the crucial factor of this article. The primary function of this approach is to perform the functionalities of the multinational corporation at the global context in an appropriate manner. This approach also determines the significance of communication system through which organization could be able to reach to the desired destination. With the help of centralised communication system, multinational corporations being able to resolve the major issues like cross culture and lack of communication amongst the subordinates and amongst the management (Meredith Mantel, 2011). As per my opinion, I have personally realised by reviewing this article that effective communication process plays vital role in the success of the organization and without this process, organization will face issues like cross cultural issues through which the attainment of the desired goals would not be possible. This is the primary reason of adaptation and implementation of anthropological approach in the workplace with the view to ascertain the cross cultural issues in the management system. Apart from these factors, secondary factors which lead to the conflicts and disputes amongst the team members and the management are unique cultures of the employees and lack of internal communication system. This leads to decrease in the efficiency of the organization along with this expansion in the international market would not be possible (Jones Jones, 2010). Gantt Chart depicting Action Plan March April May June July August Maintaining a Journal Read Literature Conducting survey international companies Interacting with global employees Analysis of real life case study View point of inter cultural students The above Gantt chart explains the significance of activities which are required to be executed in this reflective essay. With the help of maintaining journal, regular information regarding the challenges faces in managing teams will be analysed. Literatures will help in determining the views of various authors in relevance with the topic which will be executed twice in the particular period. Further, conducting surveys will help the organizations to analyse the real life challenges faced by them in managing the global team and conducting their functionalities. Integration with the global employees will help the organization to understand their point of view which is detected due to cross cultural factors. The next part of the Gantt chart showcase the significance of real life case study and in this, multinational corporations past and present scenarios will be determined with the view to ascertain the opportunities regarding the issues due to ineffective cross cultural management. Last objective is analysing the view point of students which are from different and unique background and this will help to understand the real factors which may affect the organizational functionalities. With the above analysis, it has been observed by me that all the above articles in this reflective essay determine the key issues of the organization through which its efficiency decreases. Along with this, these articles focus over the challenges faced by the international business corporations while performing their operations in global market. Such big factors influence over the organizational performance like technology, communication, and culture and project management has also been discussed under this reflective essay. Along with this, the essay also includes the crucial terms such as twin sword and anthropological approach for improving the managements efficiency and ways to detect the critical issues in the cross culture management system have also been covered. References Boutellier, R., Gassmann, O. and Von Zedtwitz, M., 2013.Managing global innovation: uncovering the secrets of future competitiveness. Springer Science Business Media. Daim, T.U., Ha, A., Reutiman, S., Hughes, B., Pathak, U., Bynum, W. and Bhatla, A., 2012. Exploring the communication breakdown in global virtual teams.International Journal of Project Management,30(2), pp.199-212. Farndale, E., Scullion, H. and Sparrow, P., 2010. The role of the corporate HR function in global talent management.Journal of world business,45(2), pp.161-168. Jones, G.R. and Jones, G.R., 2010. Organizational theory, design, and change. Mendenhall, M.E., Osland, J., Bird, A., Oddou, G.R., Stevens, M.J., Maznevski, M.L. and Stahl, G.K. eds., 2017.Global leadership: Research, practice, and development. Routledge. Meredith, J.R. and Mantel Jr, S.J., 2011.Project management: a managerial approach. John Wiley Sons. Pless, N.M., Maak, T. and Stahl, G.K., 2011. Developing responsible global leaders through international service-learning programs: The Ulysses experience.Academy of Management Learning Education,10(2), pp.237-260. Reiche, B.S., Mendenhall, M.E. and Stahl, G.K. eds., 2016.Readings and cases in international human resource management. Taylor Francis. Stahl, G., Bjrkman, I., Farndale, E., Morris, S.S., Paauwe, J., Stiles, P., Trevor, J. and Wright, P., 2012. Six principles of effective global talent management.Sloan Management Review,53(2), pp.25-42. Tarique, I. and Schuler, R.S., 2010. Global talent management: Literature review, integrative framework, and suggestions for further research.Journal of world business,45(2), pp.122-133.

Salsa Music Essays (1197 words) - Music, Salsa Music, Salsa

Salsa Music Since Columbus "discovered" America and the slave trade began, music has always been a very important part of the Cuban culture. Cuba's strategic position in the Caribbean, made it a real crossroad for all the trades between Central and North America and for most of the incoming slave ships from Africa. Cuba became a "sponge" that absorbed and processed all the surrounding music influences and all the incoming African rhythms and melodies. Since those days the music has mutated many times and through out the years one genres of music gave birth to new ones one of the most resent of those mutations has been called Salsa. The history of salsa is no only limited to Cuba but it extends to Puerto Rico and New York. In the last few years salsa has reached even the most unthinkable places of the world. Since Columbus came to America and brought with him the colonization of Las Americas, music has been a rich part of Cuban culture. When Spanish colonists started the trade of African slaves, the history of salsa music began. Given to Cuba's crossroad position between North America, South America, the Old World and the New World most of the slave trading that occurred in the New World was done in Cuba. As consequence of this Cuba basically absorbed the cultures and religions from surrounding islands in the Caribbean and all the traditions and music that came from Africa. The real development of salsa music genre came from a series of music mutations when in the late 1800 the guaguanco or Santeria music started to make its way out from the sugar plantations to rural peoples life's and then to the cities. The first music style that had its roots in guaguanco or Afro melody was a music genre named danzon but as all genres it slowly mutated. In the 1920s, the son, a faster, more danceable version of the older danzon was making it self to the top, but the classic ballrooms rejected it. However, Cuban youth refused to be dictated to an adopted son. This new mutation went to form the base for what is today called salsa. On October 21, 1921;Celia Cruz, who is called the mother of salsa, was born in Havana. She grew up in huge family of fourteen children. While she was growing up she always wanted to pursue a career in singing but her father urge her to pursue a career as literature teacher. After singing in a talent show, which she won interpreting a tango piece "Nostalgia in a bolero tempo feeling she had a future in the music business Cruz, abandoned her studies. Her career launched was when she joined the ensemble named "La Sonora Matanzera" replacing the lead singer of the assemble, Myrta, Silva and then staring in five films produced in Mexico. She also headlined in one of the most important nightclubs of the time named Tropicana. In 1959 Dictator Fidel Castro came to power and Cruz had to immigrate to Mexico and then to the United States where she did not find the success she had in Cuba. In the late 1960s became familiarized with a new music genre that was the result of various Hispanic musicians experimenting with different sounds of the Caribbean to modify the son genre. As a result of these experiments was created the new genre of salsa. Why she is considered the mother of salsa? Celia Cruz or also known as "La guarachera" or "La guarachera de Cuba" was the singer that introduced salsa to the world and made it what it is today. She has performed in the farthest and most unthinkable places in the world as China, Japan and Australia. She has been honored with a doctorate of music from Yale University, a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and a 1990 Grammy award. Since the1970s she has had many artists followers as Willie Colon, Tito Puente, Johny Pacheco who have taken on "La guarachera" mission to deliver this beautiful and history full music style to the rest of the world. Although this music style was originated from Cuban music genres and created mostly by Cuban musicians, New York has been nominated as the new center

Pre-School In Three Cultures by Joseph Tobin, David Wu Dana Davidson free essay sample

Critical review of ethnographic work on Japanese, Chinese Amer. preschool theories, methods, aims, values, role of govt. parents, discipline. Preschool in Three Cultures: Japan, China, and the United States is an ethnographic study of the differences and commonalities among three societies with regard to preschool practices. As the authors state, their ethnographic study reveals as much about the reviewer/researchers as their research does about the children and their teachers; either way, Japanese, Chinese, and American culture are examined from political, cultural, sociological, psychological, and educational points of view. What emerges is literally a three dimensional video record (the authors videotape their subjects, and show the results to all three groups being studied) of preschool practices in three distinct cultures. A basic overview of the book will be given, as well as its basic strengths, and in closing, a recommendation to others regarding its use.

Ethnicity and Self

Ethnicity and Self With the advent of the social media and the increase of the information availability, as well as the rapid growth of the intercultural communication, the significance of cultural peculiarities has become surprisingly obvious. Because of the number of ethnicities involved into the intercultural relationships, the necessity to preserve the cultural; features has become as evident as the tendency for these features to merge into each other.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Ethnicity and Self-Representation in Social Media: When Cultures Merge specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Analyzing the ways in which and the means with the help of which people manifest their ethnicities in the social media, one can comment on the tendencies in the intercultural communication and the changes which are currently happening to the ethnical specifics in the world media. Thus, the object of the given research is the way in which people re present their ethnicity in the social media, while the question is whether the ethnical features of various nationalities are preserved and can be traced easily in online communication or whether the interaction within any social media dulls the national features, making them merge into a single cosmopolitan style. In addition, the question whether any national stereotypes are enhanced or, on the contrary, blurred in the course of online communication, is worth researching. The paper is going to embrace five sources on the issue of ethnicity and its manifestation in the course of social interactions, both online and in reality. For the theoretical background, the work by Yong-Chan Kim, Joo-Young Jung and Sandra J. Ball-Rockeach is going to be used. Erin Kaufman and Deborah L. Welse’s paper will help to understand the mechanics of relating to a certain ethical group during the conversation, while Koen Lerus, Eva Midden and Sandra Ponzanesi’s work will help to understand the way in which several cultures fuse during the communication. With the help of Mainsah’s work, the problem of losing cultural features is going to be touched upon, while Maxwell and Buck will provide an accurate account of the issue history. As for the theoretical framework for the given research, the ideas offered by Yong-Chan Kim, Joo-Young Jung and Sandra J. Ball-Rockeach are going to be used as the basis for the paper. As the researchers claimed, they examine ethnicity in social media â€Å"as a dynamic and unique factor influencing individuals’ adoption and uses of communication technologies† (283), which presupposes a new prospect on the online social interactions.Advertising Looking for proposal on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To achieve the top results in the given research, the choice of the method is extremely essential. Taking into the account the fact that the paper is going to use statistics and identify the current state of affairs in the use of social media, the paper is going to be constructive and combine a quantitative and a qualitative approach. It is important to mention that the research is going to touch upon certain ethical issues. Since the paper is supposed to deal with the features of various nationalities, the subject of national stereotypes in the social media and the way in which these stereotypes are manifested is unavoidable. Thus, the ethical limitations are also expected. Admittedly, the given research has its limitations. Among the issues, the most obvious one is the subject of scale. Since it is impossible to encompass the entire number of nationalities and check every single instance of social interaction, the results of the research will be approximate. Due to the growing popularity of the social media and the increase of the online communication as opposed to the live conversation, the given research is going to offer rather significant results which are going to determine the course for the future development of the online interactions between different cultures and the way in which people are going to relate to their culture in online relationships. Once understanding the way in which online relationships differ from the real-life ones, people will be able to avoid a number of complexities and misunderstandings. Kaufman, Erin and Deborah L. Welse. â€Å"Skin-Tone Preferences and Self-Representation in Hispanic Children.† Early Child Development and Care, 182.2 (2012): 277-290. OnlineLibrary. Web. Kim, Yong-Chan, Joo-Young Jung and Sandra J. Ball-Rockeach. â€Å"Ethnicity, Place and Communication Technology: Effects of Ethnicity on Multi-Dimensional Internet Correctness.† Information technology and People, 20.3 (2007): 282-303. Emerald. Web.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Ethnicity and Self-Representation in Social Media: When Cultures Merge spe cifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lerus, Koen, Eva Midden and Sandra Ponzanesi. â€Å"Digital Multiculturalism in the Netherlands: Religious, Ethnic and Gender Positioning by Moroccan-Dutch Youth.† Religion and Gender, 2.1 (2012): 150-175. Religion and Gender. Web. Mainsah, Henry. â€Å"I could Well Have Said I Was Norwegian but Nobody Would Believe Me.† European Journal of Cultural Studies, 14.2 (2011): 179-193. SAGE. Web. Maxwell, Andrew H. and Pem Davidson Buck. â€Å"Decolonizing Media Representations of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender in the New World of Order.† Transforming Anthropology, 3.1 (1992): 1-5. Wiley Online Library. Web.

CASE ANAYLSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CASE ANAYLSIS - Essay Example The workers and American went through a strike in 1997. The second stage is perception of conflict where substantive or emotional differences are sensed. For American, this was in 1998 when the American union found that the management was placing more passengers on Canadian Airlines with which they had entered into an agreement under ‘OneWorld’ than was agreed upon with the union members and the pilots protested by stepping away from volunteering overtime hours. The third stage is described as situation where the need to act becomes paramount. For American, this was highlighted by the clash in 1999 where American integrated RenoAir without closing the deal with the union members. This led to a deliberate attempt by pilots to halt work as they called in sick and went on a strike lasting for ten days. This created a breeding ground for further agitation and dissatisfaction. The union claimed that the company was slowing down the integration process so that they could conti nue paying Renopilots at previous wages which were less than those paid to American pilots. The fourth stage is that of conflict resolution/suppression and the aftermath. This was manifest in the American case when the airline suffered huge losses from the strike and brought a suit in court. U.S. District Judge Joe Kendall of Dallas issued a temporary restraining order against the union and held two of its leaders in contempt for reinforcing the protest. Eventually, the strike ended and work was resumed. The direct conflict management techniques are embedded in the acts of assertiveness and cooperativeness. The former is the attempt to satisfy one’s own concerns by expressing while the latter is to satisfy the concerns of the other party. The example of the workers agreeing to labor concessions and overtimes during difficult times of low profits or acceding to

Film Citizen Kane Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Film Citizen Kane - Essay Example To specify, the compositions in Citizen Kane have the frames that are split into fractions of light and darkness/shadow.   Apart from this, Welles successfully employs weird, exaggerated angles that make characters appear in a distorted way. This technique is illustrative of a typical noir movie syntax. In addition, low angle shots focus the attention on the protagonist’s physical stature, yet they contain frames that suggest restriction and confinement.   For example, Kane’s placing against low ceilings seems to diminish the character and contradict his prevailing personality (Citizen Kane). All in all, this technique helps to create a sense of claustrophobia through evident visual entrapment. This is known to be characteristic of noir thrillers as well. Last but not least, the sustained shots’ duration is also a feature of film noir genre successfully employed by Welles.In summary, Citizen Kane (1941) possesses a number of stylistic and technical elements o f noir films. Its fragmented structure, narrative labyrinths, sequences of flashbacks, the quest for some truth, the presence of mystery, and cynical view of power can be considered its noir stylistic aspects.   Technical noir elements include unusual angles, contrasts of light and shadow, shots of sustained duration,   and other techniques that help to create the sense of claustrophobia and entrapment characteristic of this genre.

The Nature of Communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Nature of Communication - Assignment Example However, that is not it, the interest factor plays a major role in the players’ desire to play and show up for practices. Moreover, I strongly believe that by playing and meeting up regularly, the team members become better friends. Sometimes when I have had a bad day I can vent out all my frustration during the game on the soccer field and after months of practice sessions together my fellow players understand that I need some space. I also feel that the sheer love for the game and having people around who share the interest and understand the game adds a lot more value to the activity group. If I think of our soccer team in the light of a system, I can safely say that it definitely exhibits the qualities of a system. The striker cannot strike a goal till the midfielder or wingers pass the ball to him, similarly the midfielders cannot do much if they are not adequately supported by the fullbacks and the forwards. The crux of the matter is that the members in a soccer team are highly interdependent on each other.

Fathers Rights in Childcare

Fathers Rights in Childcare In recent years the rights of Fathers has become a highly controversial issue. Groups such as father- 4-justice have embarked on hard-hitting campaigns that have attempted to expose discrimination within British Law and the judicial system against the rights of men to have access to their children after divorce. British law, it is argued, is both unequal in this regard and damaging to the welfare of children, fathers and families. In this essay I shall argue that British family law does indeed discriminate against fathers and that the law should be changed. The essay is divided into three main sections: (1) Cultural attitudes to fathers and fatherhood; (2) unequal treatment of fathers within British Family Law and the judicial system that upholds it; (3) the social and pyschological consequences of descrimination aagainst fathers and thus why/how the law should be changed. Cultural attitidues to fathers and fatherhood For centuries the dominant conception of the role of fathers was as the breadwinner who would provide for his wife and children. The role of women was to maintain the family home and care for the children. This division of roles was, and still is in some quarters, supported by natural law, scientific reason or religious belief. In other words, the traditional division of roles between men and women was either divinely ordained or it was simply the natural, biological order. Until recently, this division of roles enabled, in western societies, a patriarchal order. Men’s role enabled them to control the structures of power within society and thus the lmited rights of women. Family issues were largely a private matter and to a considerable extent beyond the jurisdiction of the law. Since the 1960’s however this patriarchal order has to a significant extent been diminished. The sexual liberation of women, the advancement of women in public life and secularisation has brought about a different set of cultural attitudes regarding the familial roles of men and women. However, this shift in cultural attitudes has not led to quite as much change in relation to the conception of the role of men. To be sure, it is now widely thought that men need not neccessarily be the main breadwinners and that they should carry out their fair share of household and child-caring duties. However, it is still widely believed, it would seem, that men are not as capable of caring for children as women are. For many women, it seems, the main function of men is as sexual partners and sperm donors. Once they have provided sperm, they are, for an increasing number of women, disposable. After all, women’s own increased financial security and the security provided by the state means that that they are not needed for financial support. As the following section attempts to demonstrate, this perception of the role of men is supported by the law. The unequal treatement of fathers in British Law Family Law: divorce Clearly, the point at which the rights of fathers becomes an issue is when marraiges or cohabitation breaks down. Given the unequal treatment of fathers that will be accounted for below, it is perhaps unsurprising that most requests for divorce are brought by women, some 80% in fact (Gross, 2004) It could be argued that the high rate of divorce has actually been encouraged by the ease with which it is now possible to obtain a divorce. The 1996 Family Law act introduced the no fault divorce (Oldham, 2004). This means that so long as one party believes that the ‘marraige is over’ the other party must accept that this is the case. Furthermore, the partner who requests divorce does not have to give any justification for the request for a divorce. To be sure, there is a provision for marraige counselling and mediation, which must have been exhuasted before divorce can be accepted (Oldham, 2004). However, there is very little power to enforce these measures and in any case onc e it has reached this stage it is unlikely that the marraige can be recovered. In theory, the no fault divorce is all well and good. Why should one partner be kept within a marraige that they are unhappy with. Surely, it cannot be good for the welfare of children if their parents do not get on with each other or if one partner is seriously unhappy. That said however, it could be argued that the ease with which it is possible to obtain a divorce has further diminished the rights of men. This is because, as will be further explained below, the rights of men to have access to their children, and in terms of the money they are expected to give over to their former wife, is descriminatory. More divorce means more marginalised men. Just as in the past when women were economically and culturally disadvantaged after divorce, so it is now the case for men except for somewhat differing reasons. Custody rights The 1996 Family Law act states that of paramount importance in allocating the custody rights of parents after divorce is the welfare of the children (Oldham, 2004). The problem is however that men and women are not considered equal in relation to their chances of ensuring the welfare of children. Indeed, neither parent actually has a right in law to see their own children but the resident parent i.e the women, is significantly advantaged. This is supported by the childrens act of 1989. This act carries no presumption whatsoever that the father should have rights to see his children (Oldham, 2004). All that is conferred by statute is that the father should not be prevented from having contact with his child ‘ at all and forever without some reason’. This means that if a mother seeks to prevent the father from having regular contact with his children she is almost certain to win, regardless. Furthermore, it means that the ‘contact’ can be variously defined fr om a minimum of supervised contact for an hour in a contact centre once a month. In fact the childrens act confers the rights of contact upon the children themselves. This means that if the child wishes to see the non-resident parent then his or her wish should be granted. On the other hand however, if the child does not wish to see the non-resident parent then contact will range from non-existent to minimal. Clearly this favours the resident parent because the resident parent is likely to be able to control the actions and wishes of the child. Family Courts The settlement of disputes regarding the allocation of contact rights through family courts leads to further descrimination against fathers. To begin with these courts meet in secret. Their delibarations are secret and thus so is the reasoning which led them to  arrive at a decision regarding the welfare of the children. The courts only need to refer to guidlines on the childs welfare, nothing else. And in almost every case this is bound to favour the resident parent, the mother (Gross, 2004). In cases where neither parent has been socially deviant, the mother can claim that the child is still not well looked after by the father when he is in custody of the children. Since the issue at hand is ‘how much contact should the father have given the welfare of the child’ and not ‘how is it possible to ensure an equitable, workable child caring arragement given the best interests of the child being contact with both parents’ then the burden is on the father to pr ove that he can care for the child adequately when in his care. This means that apparently minor concerns such as whether the child returns tired, emotionally upset or late can be raised against the father. It is not taken into account that these concerns can be an evryday normal occurence under the care of the mother. There is no wieghing up of interests between the fathers rights of contact, the legitimacy of the mothers view of the father and the childs interests. Rather, there is just an attempt to remove possible hinder ant’s to the childs welfare when considering applications for contact (Lockhart, 2001). In cases where there is no contact to begin with then it is unlikley that much further contact will be granted, because contact with the father is not recognised to be in the childs interests beyond those that have been explicitly expressed by the child. CAFCASS Family court judges follow the advice of Family Court Welfare Offices. These offices are responsible for the interpretation of the Children Act and Family Policy (Gross, 2004). They provide reports on the welfare of the children based on inspections, interviews with parents and the guidelines. The problem is that the training these officers recieve does not prepare them for judgement in individual cases. This means that judgement is more-or-less removed from the judicial process pertaining to the allocation of custody rights, because judges in family courts merely follow their recommendations. Most crucially the reports can also take into account claims by the mother that the father is violent or abusive towards his children. These claims are not tested through the proper judicial process and can simply remain as a slur on the  fathers character. Fathers rights groups claim that such claims should either be subject to criminal charges and thus trial in court or removed utterly. Wor se still, fathers do not have the rights and nor does anyone else, to question the Family Court Welfare Officer Enforcement In cases where the court has allocated the father a certain amount of contact time and when the mother has failed to meet the requirements there is also very little that can be done to enforce the order. Of course, if the non-resident parent fails to meet the requirements of the order then he could pay a heavy penalty. He could either have his contact entitlements completely removed or worse still fined, ordered to do community service or even imprisoned. There have been numerous cases where the father has been sent to prison for doing apparently harmless things such as sending presents on his childs birthday or waving to the child without gaining prior permission from the relevant authorities (Lockhart, 2001). On the other hand, when the fathers rights of contact have been denied then very little is or can be done because a rather narrow conception of the welfare of the child is the main consideration, which does not include the need for contact with both parents. Parental Alienation All of the procedures described above are subject to a condition called Parental Alienation (Hooper). This is when one parent, usuually the resident parent or mother in most cases, encourages the child to reject the non-resident parent. Clearly the resident parent has an advantage in this regard simply because she is with the child more often. According to the Stockholm Syndrome there is a psychological state whereby the captive takes on the beliefs and wishes of the captor and often wilfully and actively complies with them. In family court judgements and in the reports of family court welfare officers, parental alienation syndrome is hardly accounted for at all. This can not only be hurtful to the father it can also lead to the denial of his contact rights. The Child Support Agency The Child Support Agency is another instutution that enforces descrimination against fathers. In addition to Fathers being denied access to their children they are forced to pay in most cases around a third of their salary to the resident parent for the care of the child. At a superfical level the principle that non-resident parents should contribute financially to the upbringing of their children seems reasonable enough. However, when it is enforced in addition to a financial settelment after the divorce and a denial of the fathers rights to see his children it can be little short of barbaric, let alone unequal. Let’s deal with the unequal aspect first. The problem is that the agency seeks payement from the ‘absent parent’ which means fathers , universally, because fathers have been labelled as ‘absent’ parents regardless of any other circumstances. Worse still, in cases where the father earns a merely average income it can leave him with no possibil ity of obtaining another mortgage and limited chances of prusing another familial relationship. This situation can affect fathers who were neither in a married or cohabiting relationship with the mother and may only have known the mother for a short period of time. Since it is entirely the decision of the mother as to whether she has an abortion and at least half the responsibility of the mother to use contraception, this would appear both unfair and open to abuse. Why the law should be changes? The reasons provided above should already be ample evidence for why the law ought to changed. But the case is strengthened when we consider the consequences of descrimination against fathers. Depression The law offers no protection against fathers who have been denied access to their children, have had most of their assets taken away and who are forced to give over a third of their income. Indeed, the law promotes situations of this type. Therefore, many fathers drift into depression and even suicide. Consider an extreme but all to  probable scenario. After a divorce settlement brought about by continued acts of adultery, the mother decides that in order to guarantee her own best interests she lies to the welfare officer and the courts about the fathers violent and neglegant behaviour and encourages the child to do likewise. This accusation remains untried and untested but leads to the welfare officer producing an unfavourable report for the family court. Despite wanting to attempt to repair the marraige the father, who has already been forced to give up the family home and other assets, is ordered to remain out of contact with his children, who on the mothers instruction have exp ressed hatred towards him, and then asked to pay maintainence from his earnings for the childrens wlefare. He is then left alone, with only the means for basic self-substistence, without any contact with his children who he has been told do not want to see him anyway. The chances of surviving such a scenario without suffering severe depression would seem unlikely. Effects on children Whilst the welfare of the children is supposed to be of paramount concern to the law and the judges that implement it, the consequences for children of having limited contact with the father are rarely accounted for. Gone are the days when there was a widely accepted scientific consensus that deemed men naturally incapable of caring for children and when children were considered to be psychologically and emotionally dependent on the mother but not on the father. However, there remains relative silence about the effects on children as a result of fatherless families because it is considered offensive to one parent families, and to ethnic groups within which there is a propensity towards one-parent families. There is however, research that suggests that fathers have a positive impact on the lives and cognitive development of their children (Lockhart, 2001). Likewise there is also research that suggests that children with absent fathers are more likely to become socially deviant. Furthermore, the law offers little protection against children who are forced to remain in the care of unfit mothers who, despite their protestation that the father is neglegant or violent are unfit themselves to be the carer of the child. This is partly because the fathers views on this matter are not considered and it may only be the father who is  capable of forming them, since social care professionals are unlikely to have gained the level of access and knowledge needed to be able to make such a judgement. Are fathers rights human rights? Many campaigners on human rights have argued that the right of a father to have contact with his children should be considered a human right. If a human right is a right pertaining to the ability of a human being to live with basic human needs then surely the ability of fathers to have contact with children should be a human right. What could be more essential to a reasonable human existence than to have contact with and at least knowledge of ones children, for both parents. For most caring, responsible parents this is in fact more essential to a reasonable human existence than access to food or shelter. It is prior to all other needs and aspirations. Moreover, if there is any such thing as human rights then the right to regular contact with ones children should be the most fundamental of these rights. However, proclaiming the rights of fathers as human rights is possibly not the best way to attempt to establish such rights. Firstly, this is because, strategically, human rights declarations are often so vague and potentially contradictory that they can be overturned by the particular legal and political system that is supposed to protect them. One of the reasons for this is that it is notoriously difficult to prove, philosophically, what is a universal human right. Such a possibility is to a significant extent dependent upon the philosophical credibility of a conception of humaness, which will always be highly contested. Perhaps it would be better therefore to concentrate on conceptions of legal equality, citizenship and the good of society than proclaiming fathers rights as human rights. It would be better to argue that in a democratic society fathers should at the very least be given the right to defend their rights to have contact with their children in legitimate courts of law. Paths to the reform of family law and its implementation When considering the ways in which the unequal treament of men in British family  law it is best to first concentrate on the unexplored benifits of shared responsibility for children. Why not establish a default conception of the welfare of children which proposes that it is best for the childrenn, when no partner is socially deviant, for both parents to have an equal share of the responsibilities for the child’s care. The objection to this has been that it is too disruptive for the child, emotionally and in other practical respects, for the child to be regularly moving from one abode to another. But is this really the case? Clearly, very little research has been carried out on the potential effects of such an arrangement since it is hardly ever pursued. Another avenue for reform could be to radically improve the training of welfare officers. This would be a fairly simple and much less complicated measure that introducing a new family law. Welfare officers could at least be trained more specifically to detect the existence of parental alienation. To be sure this is not just a matter of training it would also involve putting the issue on the welfare checklist. Additionally, allegations of domestic violence and neglect ought to be removed from consideration unless they are proven. Some would argue that certain cases of domestic violence are hard to prove in court which would make children more vulnerable. But at least the burden of proof in respect to the suitability of fathers to care for children should be much tougher than it is at present. These would be piecemeal advances, but if the law is to truly treat men and women equally there needs to be a wholly new act. Such an act would not just be introduced to protect the rights of fathers, but to better protect the institution of the family and the welfare of children. Conclusion In conclusion we can say that for several reasons British family law unfairly descriminates against fathers. Firstly, there is no provision for the rights of fathers in family law in case or statute law. Secondly, the non-resident parents access to the child is dependent upon the consent of the child, which is bound to favour the resident parent, especially if there is implacable hostility between the two parents. Thirdly, the  judicial system that upholds family law also, institutionally, descriminates against men. This is because deliberation is made in secret and family welfare officers cannot be questioned, which simply maintains inequality within the law because it precludes the fathers point of view. For these reasons, and because the alienation of fathers can lead to depression and unfavourable effects on the children, the law should indeed be changed. Bibliography Robert C Lockhart Fathers Have Rights Too, Writers Club Press 2001 C A Hooper Do Families Need Fathers James T Gross Fathers Rights: A legal guide to protecting the best interests of your children. Sphinx 2004 Mike Oldham Statutes on Family Law, Oxford University Press 2004 www.fathers-4-justice.org

Competency Goal Essay

Functional Area #1 – Safe: In order to provide a safe environment and teach children safe practices to prevent and reduce injuries I do the following: †¢I always do my classroom counts every 30 minutes, or more often when necessary, to make sure that my head count matches the actual number of children in my classroom. †¢Our centers are set up to reduce open floor space and the opportunity to run freely indoors †¢I check all toys and equipment for broken or missing parts often to ensure they remain safe for use and play. †¢I ensure that all chemicals and cleaning supplies are put away out of the reach of children or stored in locked cabinets to prevent injury or poisoning. †¢I keep my emergency routes posted and easily visible and my emergency contacts are always with me in a binder and easily accessible. †¢I am trained in emergency evacuation procedures and plans to remove all children from the classroom and/or building in the event of a tornado or fire †¢I am certified in First Aid, CPR, and Pediatric First Aid which makes me knowledgeable of caring for accidents or injuries. Functional Area #2 – Healthy: In order to provide an environment that promotes health and prevents illness, and teaches children about good nutrition and practices that promote Wellness, I do the following: †¢Cleaning and sanitizing classroom items, including future & toys, a task done multiple times a day. I sanitize all toys immediately after being put into a child’s mouth, to prevent the spread of germs. †¢ I wash my hands & wear gloves before & after handling food, helping with toileting, cleaning noses to prevent germs from being spread. †¢ I follow the center’s policies for sick children to prevent other illnesses in the classroom. †¢We also serve Healthy Balanced meals breakfast, lunch & snack. Functional Area #3 – Learning Environment: In order to use relationships, the physical space, materials, daily schedule, and routines to create a secure, interesting, and enjoyable environment that promotes engagement, play exploration, and learning of all children including children with disabilities and special needs, I do the following: †¢I have made sure that all Centers are laid out to help Children better benefit in learning. By putting the quite, busy & messy centers together. †¢We also have an ABC carpet that’s just for group time. Limit 10 to 15mins †¢I have put out many different learning activities for each center. Reading has lots of books, writing has name cards & letter strips, Dramatic Play & table toys has theme related items. Blocks have cars, animals, dollhouse & furniture. Science has Theme related items & Art I put out different things weekly to keep the Creativity going. †¢Also during the day we have group time twice, free time, small groups twice, outdoor play twice when weather permits & nap.

Crimes Essay

Aside from the identified purpose of the Uniform Crime Report (UCR), it is formulated in such a way that it classifies the types of crimes under two categories: Part I and Part II. The facts and data of the UCR under Part I is more extensive in terms of the scope of the information in the report when compared to Part II. The facts and data in Part I include other necessary information such as profile of the criminal. In Part II, the rate of arrests for specific crimes are only present in the UCR. Part I crimes are closely monitored by law enforcement because crimes categorized under Part I are violent crimes and crimes against property. Categorizing crimes under two parts, I and II, determines the gravity or the impact of crimes to the public. Part I crimes are more grave, considering that crimes under Part I include rape, robbery, burglary, larceny, arson, etc. These are potentially serious crimes that law enforcement should prioritize in order to uphold peace and order to society. Part II offenses are less serious including crimes such as vandalism, fraud, drug abuse violations, etc. In some instances, law enforcement implements measures that seem to increase the statistics of crime occurrences. However, when we look deeper into the matter, we realize that the increase in crime statistics contribute to the improvement of society. In such instances, positive results from increased crime statistics are observable in Part II crimes. Increasing crime statistics catch the attention of the public, alarming them to be vigilant about their surroundings in order to prevent criminal offenses from taking place. For instance, reports reveal to the public that there is an increase in the number of reported stolen property crimes in the community. This raises the awareness of the people, and since it is a non-violent crime, they are willing to get involved with crime prevention. People decide to engage in neighborhood watch, community policing, and other law enforcement activities that will assist official law enforcement agencies in preventing crime, affording them enough time and manpower to focus on grave crimes categorized under Part I. Offenses such as prostitution and drug abuse violations motivate people in the community to get involved with discovering or reporting violators to law enforcement agencies. Another advantage of reporting increase in crime rates is to empower people to get involved with crime prevention. Offenses against family and children, for instance, have increased. Law enforcement will interpret the statistic in such a way that it expresses the increase in the number of people who reported criminal offenses, and further continue that the increase in the number of people who report criminal violations to the police helps law enforcement in crime prevention. The police might convince the people to report criminal violations because it is one way for law enforcement agencies to know criminal trends and analyze these trends to come up with plans and resolutions to prevent crime.

Pentium Flaw Essay Example

Pentium Flaw Essay Example Pentium Flaw Paper Pentium Flaw Paper NTI 1 10: Computer Structure and Logic ITT Technical Institute 10/20/2013 The Pentium Flaw a divisional error was discovered in the summer of 1994. The flaw was discovered by Intel. Intel decided that their chips did not need to be recalled since the chance of the average user discovering the error was less than 1 in 9 billion. Thomas Nicely a mathematics professor at Lynchburg College in Lynchburg VA made error public when he sent an e-mail to several colleagues. Nicely was using several computers to compute mathematical problems to prove they had enough power to do so. I believe Intel did not handle the problem correctly at all. Intel knowing that there was a flaw in the chip still sent out a defective product. Regardless of who might come across the flaw or error Intel should have recalled the chip immediately to have them replaced. Intel deciding to send out the flawed processor has probably helped the company as well. Before the flaw not many people even knew who or what Intel was. Intel after months of research and help from outside professionals decided to recall the chip and have them replaced. Nicely said he had run more than one quadrillion calculations on a revised chip and could ot reproduce the error. If a similar flaw like this were to happen today Im not exactly sure what would happen. One thing Im sure of is word of any flaw or error would spread like wild fire. The old rule of thumb is 1 tells 10, well now its more like 1 tells 10,000. I believe that if a similar situation were to occur it would be handled quickly and promptly. Im sure Intel has new policies in place to handle situations like this and other companies would learned from Intels mistake. Reference Markoff, J. (1994, November 24). New York Times. Retrieved October 20, 2013, from

Betrayal Loyalty

Betrayal Loyalty Introduction On December 7, 1941, American military men at United States naval base at Pearl of Harbor in Hawaii woke to a crude shock; the Japanese army had attacked them, something that invited the United States of America into World War II. Following this attack, the United States of America in retaliation, placed all Japanese Americans in internment camps popularly known as ‘War Relocation Camps.’Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Betrayal Loyalty specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, the aftermath of this exercise presented one big irony of all the time; loyalty and betrayal co-existed and it was even difficult to differentiate between the two. Whilst the Japanese Americans remained loyal to the U.S. government, this government resorted to betrayal, assigning each family a number, which was used as surnames for the Japanese Americans in these camps among other ‘injustices’, only to incorporate them in military later on. Loyalty and Betrayal The Japanese Americans in the internment camps remained loyal to the U.S authorities albeit the harrowing experiences they went through in the camps. For instance, they lived in, â€Å"un-partitioned toilets, cots for beds, and a budget of 45 cents daily per capita for food rations† (Myer 1). The first act of loyalty came with the surrender of Japanese Americans to authorities. After President Roosevelt signed the Executive Order 9066, posters saying â€Å"All Japanese persons, both alien and non-alien, will be evacuated from the above designated areas by 12:00 oclock noon Tuesday, April 7, 1942†¦report for internment with bedrolls and†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Weber 16). Being loyal to the authorities, the Japanese Americans responded to this order and reported at the said time. There is no one recorded time when the Japanese Americans became disloyal to the U.S. authorities save for some peaceful demonstrations; how ever, these were also allowed in the constitution; therefore, it was not an act of disloyalty. Japanese Americans submitted to denounce their religion, salute the U.S flag, and sing loyal songs; all in loyalty. Moreover, they swore allegiance to â€Å"one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all† (Weglyn 56). In loyalty, the Japanese Americans in these camps submitted to authorities and respected the constitution. This was ‘high-class’ loyalty; something that they carried on to World War II. In 1943, the U.S authorities gave some Japanese America prisoners chance to serve in the military on voluntary basis. â€Å"The War Department is offering you a chance to volunteer and to distinguish yourselves as Japanese-American citizens in the service of your country† (Sone 218). According to Broek, Barnhart, and Matson, one of the distinguished loyal Japanese American regiment was â€Å"the 442nd Regimental Combat Team† (98).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This team went on to become the most adorned combat regiment of the time and it served in the war across Europe. This echoes the loyalty that the Japanese Americans portrayed in the internment camps as prisoners. As part honoring them, the U.S authorities branded the 442nd regiment as, â€Å"the most highly decorated unit of its size and length of service in the history of the U.S. Army, including 21 Medal of Honor recipients† (Broek, Barnhart Matson 102). If it were not for patriotism, what else could motivate these ex-prisoners to defend a country that had subjected them to untold sufferings? The act of these ex-prisoners defended the U.S during World War II is an extension of loyalty practiced in the internment camps earlier on. Unfortunately, the U.S did not recognize this loyalty and they mistreated the Japanese Americans inside and outside the inter nment camps. As aforementioned, the white people mistreated the Japanese Americans before and after the way amounting to betrayal. Immediately after the attack at Pearl of Harbor, President Roosevelt, acting under pressure from the white people, signed Executive Order 9066. This meant that all the Japanese Americans were to be placed in internment camps. According to Weber, the rounding up exercise involved, â€Å"freezing of bank accounts; seizure of contraband; drastic limitation on travel, curfew, and other severely restrictive measures† (20). Moreover, the conditions in the camps were squalid with, â€Å"un-partitioned toilets, cots for beds, and a budget of 45 cents daily per capita for food rations† (Myer 1). As aforementioned, each family was given â€Å"Tags to be attached to each piece of baggage, and one to hang from our coat lapels. From then on, we were known as Family # 10710† (Sone 35). This was part of mistreatments and many people went though unt old sufferings as betrayal took the centre stage after the war. This betrayal was uncalled. It beats logic why a government for people by people would turn against its citizens. Moreover, the betrayal was at both state and citizen level. Betrayal was not only a task of the authorities but also the U.S citizens. After the war, the authorities started releasing Japanese Americans back to their homes. Unfortunately, their reception was cold and unwelcoming. For instance, Elsie Robinson, a newspaper columnist vowed to, â€Å"cut the throat of any evacuee who dared return† (Myer 23). On another account, Clair Eagle, the U.S representative in California made it clear that, â€Å"We dont want those Japs back in California and the more we can get rid of the better† (Myer 23). This was utter betrayal. Even after the loyalty that the Japanese Americans showed towards the constitution, authorities and the whites in general, people were not convinced that these ‘ex-prisoners ’ were people or rather human beings just like them. Sone posits that, after the war, â€Å"the West Coast was still off-limits, but we had access to the rest of the continent where we could start all over again† (111).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Betrayal Loyalty specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This shows that even though these Japanese Americans had proved their loyalty, the minds of many whites still held hatred and betrayal. The authorities had not accepted fully that these were loyal citizens and this explains the presence of no-go zones. Betrayal from the U.S side coupled with loyalty of the Japanese Americas, presented irony of all time as aforementioned. It is ironical that the U.S branded the Japanese Americans, â€Å"enemies’ only to allow them to be part of military and other governmental and societal structures. The U.S. authorities put the Japanese Americans into internment c amps as ‘enemies.’ Ironically, they incorporated the same enemies into the military to fight in the World War II. Moreover, they were allowed to enroll in schools and participate in any other national activity. What can explain such an intriguing incidence? Based on these events, it is apparent that the presence of the internment camps was illegal and unjustifiable in the first place. There is no way an enemy can become a close ally in such a short time. President Roosevelt acted under pressure to sign the Executive Order 9066. The truth will always stand and the Japanese Americans proved this very well. By remaining loyal to the constitution and submissive to the authorities, they went on to become the most distinguished regiment in the World War II. The fact is America’s betrayal of Japanese Americans coupled with the loyalty the latter showed the former, which resulted into incorporation of Japanese Americans into the U.S military, is one big irony. Conclusion After the Pearl of Harbor attack, the U.S retaliated swiftly, rounding most of the Japanese Americans living across the United States of America and sending them to internment camps. Conditions in these camps were squalid; however, the U.S reconsidered her decision and released these prisoners back to their homes after proving their loyalty. Some were incorporated in the army and other national institutions, the irony surrounding this loyal-betrayal saga between the Japanese Americans and the U.S authorities. Broek, Jacobus, Barnhart, Edward Matson, Floyd. â€Å"Prejudice, War and the Constitution.† California; University of California Press, 1968. Myer, Dillon. â€Å"Work of the War Relocation Authority, An Anniversary Statement.† The Harry S. Truman Library Museum, 1947. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sone, Monica. â€Å"Nisei Daughter.† Washington; The University of Washington Press, 1979. Weber, Mark. â€Å"The Japan Camps in California.† The Journal of Historical Review, 1980. 2(1); 16-30. Weglyn, Michi. â€Å"Years of Infamy; The Untold Story of Americas Concentration Camps. New York, 1976.

Managing Staff Nurses Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing Staff Nurses - Assignment Example I as a manager of this unit have to facilitate a professional environment with a physically and mentally comfortable working conditions for the employees In order to ensure this some key objectives have to be achieved which are: 1 An objective analysis of the given working conditions 2 Understanding my employees, in this case, my staff nurses 3 The responsibilities delegated to them viz a viz their seniority and capabilities. So to begin with the working conditions of the unit has to be explored in order to establish its favorability for the household show a little care free attitude towards work. This is just an assumption based on general observation and is therefore not a verdict. All this need an objective analysis based on realities on the ground. Moreover, the injustice in delegation of work responsibilities bears a great significance in establishing the output of a staff member. Therefore, I will ensure a fair dealing with all staff nurses in this regard. Apart from this, it is also important to lay out a plan, in case a problem arises between two or more staff members. This requires an effective code of conduct to be written in order to contain such issues from happening and guarantee a peaceful atmosphere in the unit. The code of conduct constitutes a list of behavior patterns in terms of the dos and don’ts to be strictly observed. It will include: 1 be honest 2 be friendly 3 show professional approach 4 Respect each other’s dignity and space. 5 Mind one’s own business ... So to begin with the working conditions of the unit has to be explored in order to establish its favorability for the household show a little care free attitude towards work. This is just an assumption based to general observation and is therefore not a verdict. All this need an objective analysis based on realities on ground. Moreover, the injustice in delegation of work responsibilities bears a great significance in establishing the output of a staff member. Therefore, I will ensure a fair dealing with all staff nurses in this regard. Apart from this, it is also important to lay out a plan, in case a problem arises between two or more staff members. This requires an effective code of conduct to be written in order to contain such issues from happening and guarantee a peaceful atmosphere in the unit. The code of conduct constitutes a list of behavior patterns in terms of the dos and don'ts to be strictly observed. It will include: 1 be honest 2 be friendly 3 show professional approach 4 Respect each other's dignity and space. 5 Mind one's own business The Don'ts include 1 don't be irritable 2 don't be careless 3 don't back bite 4 don't be a gossip monger If one or more of the staff members found violating any of these, they will either be warned and next time a recurrence of such behavior will cost them a heavy penalty or even their job depending on the severity of the matter. However, sometimes a problem occurs which has nothing to do with a code of conduct; instead it happens between two staff members which require the manager to intervene and resolve the issue to both party's satisfaction. This requires an effective problem solving strategy. In this regard I have read different material on issue resolving skills, one of which is

Persian Wars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Persian Wars - Essay Example However, the spark igniting this into war with the Persians was a revolt of the Ionian Greeks. The Ionian Greeks had peacefully submitted to Persian rule and lived under Persian appointed Greek tyrants since the time of Cyrus the Great. Then in 5l0 B.C.E., the Ionian Greeks raised the standard of revolt and drove their tyrants out. Realizing they needed help against the mighty Great King, Darius, they appealed to their cousins across the Aegean for aid. Sparta, ever wary of a Helot revolt, refused to help. However, Athens and another city-state, Eretria, did send ships and troops who joined the Ionians, marched inland, and burned the provincial capital, Sardis, to the ground. After a Persian force defeated the Greeks as they were returning from Sardis, the Ionian Greeks decided to stake everything on a naval battle at Lade (494 B.C.E.). Therefore, it is the Ionian revolt that has sparked the Persian Wars. (Cited from FC23A: Persian Wars) The first Persian invasion of Greece, during t he Persian Wars, began in 492 BC, and ended with the decisive Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. The invasion, consisting of two distinct campaigns, was ordered by the Persian king Darius I primarily in order to punish the city-states of Athens and Eretria. These cities had supported the cities of Iona during their revolt against Persian rule, thus incurring the wrath of Darius. Darius also saw the opportunity to extend his empire into Europe, and to secure its western frontier. The first campaign in 492 BC, led by Mardonius, re-subjugated Thrace and forced Macedon to become a client kingdom of Persia. However, further progress was prevented when Mardonius’ fleet was wrecked in a storm off the coast of Mount Athos. The following year, having demonstrated his intentions, Darius sent ambassadors to all parts of Greece, demanding their submission. He received it from almost all of them, excepting Athens and Sparta, both of whom executed the ambassadors. With A thens still defiant, and Sparta now effectively at war with him, Darius ordered a further military campaign for the following year. The second campaign, in 490 BC, was under the command of Datis and Artaphernes. The expedition headed first to the island Naxos, which it captured and burnt. It then island-hopped between the rest of the Cycladic Islands, annexing each into the Persian Empire. Reaching Greece, the expedition landed at Eretria, which it besieged, and after a brief time, captured. Eretria was razed and its citizens enslaved. Finally, the task force headed to Attica, landing at Marathon, en route for Athens. There, it was met by a smaller Athenian army, which nevertheless proceeded to win a remarkable victory at the Battle of Marathon This defeat prevented the successful conclusion of the campaign, and the task force returned to Asia. Nevertheless, the expedition had fulfilled most of its aims, punishing Naxos and Eretria, and bringing much of the Aegean under Persian rule . The unfinished business from this campaign led Darius to prepare for a much larger invasion of Greece, to firmly subjugate it, and to punish Athens and Sparta. However, internal strife within the empire delayed this expedition, and Darius then died of old age. It was thus left to his son Xerxes I to lead the second Persian invasion of Greece, beginning in 480 BC. The second Persian invasion of Greece (480-479 BC) occurred during the Greco-Persian Wars, as King Xerxes I of Persia sought to

A Philosophical Approach Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Philosophical Approach - Assignment Example The development of ethics has come with some controversies and debates. There are philosophers like Immanuel Kant who believe that there is a universal set of laws that apply to all human beings and all situations (O'neill, 1993). This therefore means that what is right and what is wrong is universal and on no account should it be compromised (Shiples & Maier, 2011). However, there are the utilitarians who argue that if something does the greatest amount of good to the greatest number of people, then that can be seen as good (Tavani, 2011). Although utilitarians claim their approach is the most practical, there is an issue of whether it is the best, because if 99% of people have enslaved 1% of people and subjected them to the worst and most severe conditions, can we say that it is good? This is the fundamental debate about ethics and its foundations Review of the Pinto Fires Dennis Gioia narrates the incidents of the Ford-Pinto brand in the 1970s which was an ethical dilemma and how it caused the death of several innocent people. A summary of the facts are narrated from Trevino & Nelson (2007): In the late 1960s, there was a huge demand for sub-compact cars around the globe and German and Japanese manufacturers were set to take over the international market. Ford, the American car manufacturer had to internationalize quickly and catch up with its competitors on the global market. The Ford-Pinto was designed and there were signs that it would do well internationally, so there was the need to speed up the research and development process to begin mass production to meet the huge demand. Ford’s Vice President, Lee Iacocca asked for the acceleration of the development process from 43 months to 38 months and this was accepted by the President who was a man of repute. The engineers identified that there was a major flaw in the car’s combustion and fuel system that made it vulnerable to explosions during accidents. However, due to the need to accelerate the development process, the engineers were not given ample time to correct the error. This led to the development of a car that led to the death of many users. In 1978, a Pinto car crash that killed the passengers led to a legal action the criminalization of the Ford company for the lack of proper care to develop a safer car. Ethics & The Pinto-Fires The Pinto case comes with several questions related to ethics. First of all, did the Vice President and the management team of Ford really act ethically? What were their major responsibilities and did they fail totally? Is it fair to attribute the death of passengers in one of many automobile accidents in America to the top-level management? What was the responsibility of the other people in Ford? The Eight-Step Model Trevino & Nelson (2007) identify eight steps which must be followed in taking ethical decisions in businesses. If this model was applied, it is likely that the management of Ford would have worked out a different approach to the Pinto brand and avoided a few issues. Step 1: Gather the Facts: First of all, the management of Ford should have gathered all the facts relevant to the global automobile industry. This way, they would have gotten enough information to identify the need to consider safety as a primary issue. However, it is clear that the focused more on internationalization and the capturing of market share ahead of the safety of their customers. Step 2: Define the Ethical Issues:

Social Identity and the Service-Profit Chain Essay Example for Free

Social Identity and the Service-Profit Chain Essay MOS Article Review Social Identity and the Service-Profit Chain By Christian Homburg, Jan Wieseke Wayne D. Hoyer Journal of Marketing Volume 73(March 2009) It is very important to understand that if performance meets expectations, the customer is satisfied; if not, dissatisfaction results. Thus a core assumption is that by improving performance, firms can also increase satisfaction. Customers expect what they are now receiving and in a sense they keep upping the ante so it becomes increasingly difficult to meet or exceed customer expectations. Now there are two SPC paths: conventional and the social identity based path. Both of them are complementary. In other words firms that successfully manage both SPC paths tend to perform better than firms that are successful in only managing either the satisfaction or the social identity based path. The main elements of the social identity approach are self-categorization theory and social identity theory. Self categorization theory suggests that human beings have a need to simplify the social world by categorising people into groups. People perceive themselves as belonging to a particular group or category. According to social identity theory people strive for positive self-esteem and try to accomplish this by enhancing their social identity. Moreover it is true customers self-definitional needs can be partially fulfilled by the companies they patronise. For example users of Apple computers strongly identify with the company and this identification is related to how they define themselves as individuals. Thus customer-company identification helps a person clarify his or her self concept and to gain positive self-appraisal through a positive company appraisal. In today’s era of unprecedented corporate influence and consumerism, certain companies represent and offer attractive, meaningful social identities to consumers that help them satisfy important self-definitional needs. Strong identification occurs when company becomes personally relevant for consumers and personal relevance creates the potential for emotional reactions. Although some people perceive a close relationship between commitment and identification, there is consensus that identity and commitment are distinguishable in terms of their essential meaning. The key distinction is that identification includes both a self-definitional and an emotional meaning for a person while commitment does not reflect the cognitive element of psychological oneness and self definition that identification does. Hypothesis for the social identity based path of the SPC

The Author as Creator in Frankenstein Essay -- Frankenstein essays

The Author as Creator in Frankenstein      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mary Shelley's Frankenstein can be read as an allegory for the creative act of authorship. Victor Frankenstein, the 'modern Prometheus' seeks to attain the knowledge of the Gods, to enter the sphere of the creator rather than the created. Like the Author, too, he apes the ultimate creative act; he transgresses in trying to move into the feminine arena of childbirth.    Myths of divine creation are themselves part of the historical process that seeks to de-throne the feminine; this is the history of Art, itself at first denied to women as an outlet of self-expression. It is a process recorded in Art itself, in stories like that of Prometheus. Prometheus in earlier myths stole fire from the Gods (analogous to the author at his craft). Later he was credited not just as Man's benefactor but as his creator. Man creates God through myth so as to have a power to will towards.    At this point text, analogy, and reality twist upon each other. As Victor moves into the female space of the womb, an act of creation aped by the Gods in mythology and religion, Mary Shelley as author moves into the male domain of art, aping the creative power of the Gods.    Reading Frankenstein as an analogy for Art can be more fruitful if done within the framework of Oscar Wilde's essay, 'The Decay of Lying', in which the author argues that the artist creates the world and not just imitates it: this will conclude this essay.    At the meal between mortals and the Gods at Mecone, Prometheus tricked Zeus into accepting the bones over the choicest entrails. Man was punished by the denial of fire; Prometheus again defied the Gods in stealing it. As punishment, he was chained to a cl... ...he transition of the story to film, 'Frankenstein' has often mistakenly been used to signify the monster. This transition itself reflects the process of progression and substitution. As in the case of the non-existent deerstalker that Conan-Doyle never wrote about, celluloid representations have come to denote the essence, supposedly, of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein.    Works Cited    March, Jenny. "Prometheus." The Cassell Dictionary of Classical Mythology. London: Cassell, 1998.    Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein: Or the Modern Prometheus. 1818. Ed. James Reiger. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1982.    Waxman, Barbara Fry. "The Tragedy of the Promethean Overreacher as Woman." Papers on Language and Literature 23 1 (1987): 14-26.    Wilde, Oscar. "The Decay of Lying." Oscar Wilde. Ed. Isobel Murray. The Oxford Authors. Oxford: OUP, 1989.

Managing Knowledge and Learning Essay

Managing Knowledge and Learning at NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Summary National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was established by Congress on October 1, 1958, in order for the United States to keep up with the technological advancements achieved from former Soviet Union’s successful launch of the Sputnik (1957). The Apollo Era-Mission had risen from the support of John F. Kennedy’s goal, which was â€Å"landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth. † Prioritization at NASA evolved into the center’s motto of â€Å"Faster, Better, Cheaper† (FBC), which was mandated in the Goldin Era beginning in 1992. NASA shifted priorities from: 1) performance, 2) schedule and 3) cost to 1) increase mission performance, 2) cut cost and 3) work force reduction. However, this reform was not as successful as planned. From 1992 and 2000, six of 16 FBC missions failed. To address concern of the impact of failed missions and impending retirements of many of the most experienced NASA employees, Congress enforced that the agency search for the solution to Knowledge Management (KM) and promoting learning initiatives at NASA-JPL. NASA’s KM tools were mainly IT systems of Internet-based databases and portals for ease of lessons. The NASA KM crisis was attributed to the organization’s inability to document experiences of failures and successes of missions or projects; ultimately incapable of capturing the â€Å"experiential knowledge† from expert engineers and scientists. In addition, this lack in KM was due to â€Å"privatizing knowledge† and promoting creativity, that stemmed from NASA’s culture where competition among centers for projects and funding was the norm. Several KM Initiatives were developed including project libraries for document and data management, developing standards, establishing databases to find experts, ask technical questions, and to capture history and legacy reviews. 1) What were the pros and cons of the â€Å"Faster, Better, Cheaper† model? How might outcomes (both positive and negative) of projects executed with this model impact NASA’s stakeholders, i. e. Congress and the general public? The â€Å"Faster, Better, and Cheaper (FBC)† objectives were to cut cost and maximize mission performance. There were several advantages of the FBC reform. FBC allowed compressed development and launch schedules that lead to an increase in the number of missions. Mission time could be reduced from decades to a few years. The number of NASA projects increased from four to 40 under the FBC model. An increase in mission projects was thought to lead to additional discoveries so that NASA could gain further wisdom and space knowledge. FBC missions were changed from one big project to multiple smaller projects. Dividing the program into smaller projects helped to minimize the pressure and stress on the team if a mission failed. Furthermore, one mission failure did not consequently lead to the failure of the entire program. FBC practice allowed senior managers more freedom to implement FBC the way they found fit which promoted creativity and autonomy among senior managers. FBC also reduced the cost of each mission and NASA’s overall budget. For example, the Mars program budget was reduced from one billion dollars to $260 million. There are numerous disadvantages of the FBC reform. Applying the FBC model could lead to more mission failures. During the FBC era, there were 6 failed missions out of 16 FBC missions. Cost and schedule constraints, insufficient risk assessment, planning, and testing, underestimation of complexity and technology maturity, inattention of quality and safety, inadequate review processes, engineering, under-trained staff, poor team communication, and design errors all attributed to NASA’s mission failures. Projects conducted â€Å"faster† does not allow for adequate documentation, time for redlining the project, and recording lessons learned from one mission to the next. This could result in repeated mistakes that could be avoided by future missions. Missions carried out faster do not allow time for mentorship and sharing of knowledge. Also, the term â€Å"better† was not properly defined and was open to interpretation, which may negatively impact maintaining standard procedures and processes. The results of the FBC vision could impact NASA’s stakeholders in several ways. The increase in smaller successful missions would alleviate the risk of one large failure, although any failures will have a negative impact on stakeholders. Congress could be discouraged to provide support and funding for major space programs if they fail but might be more likely to fund smaller missions. The public could either lose or gain confidence, support, and belief in the space program depending on the magnitude of success or failure. FBC mission are less expensive which would decrease NASA’s budget and help satisfy both Congress and the general public by reducing the need for extra taxation by Congress and collection of taxes from the general public. 2) Why was the Mars Pathfinder project so successful? Explain how Anthony Spears management style impacted future missions. Project management was the key to success of the Mars Pathfinder project. It began as an experiment to test the validity of the FBC reform mandated in 1992 when Daniel Goldin was assigned as the new administrator of NASA. A clear and specific plan for the Pathfinder mission was laid out in the beginning and followed through until the end. Analogous to the success of Cisco’s ERP implementation, Anthony Spears, an excellent manager and thought leader with years of experience at NASA, gained the support of top management and the JPL institution (Spears, 1999). Spears developed a unique balance of an advisory committee of experts to support and guide the difficult project, while he recruited talented, yet naive, energetic youngster’s to do what some more experienced people thought impossible. As Spears writes in his lessons learned report it was â€Å"†¦a blend of bright, ambitious youth and scarred old timers, each challenged and empowered, all working each issue together†¦ † (1999). Together, they created a team that bonded and worked together successfully. Spears’ goal was not only the success of the Pathfinder project, but of the FBC program success, unlike the vision of future project managers. The success of Pathfinder did not translate well in future FBC missions. Risk management and testing were important to the Mars Pathfinder success. While the Mars Pathfinder team worked together successfully, the younger players went on to think they were great project managers themselves, but still hadn’t learned enough to manage their next missions successfully. In future FBC projects, some reasons for failure were poor team communication, inadequate or under-trained staff or insufficient testing in 70% of missions and insufficient risk assessment and planning on 86% of missions (exhibit 4). 3) One of the major issues in this case is the retirements of experts. Why is this a problem for NASA? Would it be less of a problem in a different type of organization? Suggest immediate steps that NASA could take to mitigate the problem. Explain your choices. By 2006 half of NASA’s workforce was eligible for retirement which could lead to a major loss of knowledge, especially tacit information, diminishing the collective wisdom of the organization. A senior manager at NASA states, â€Å"we have no formal process for transferring knowledge† from thought leaders to new managers and IT systems had not yet been sufficient in transferring â€Å"experiential knowledge† to the younger generation. Unfortunately, this would be true in many organizations unless they had sufficient knowledge management systems in place and a culture where sharing knowledge was valued and encouraged. In order to mitigate the problem of losing their knowledge base, NASA not only needs to continue to implement their KM strategy, but truly change the culture. Experienced project leaders and Subject Matter Experts (SMEs), such as design engineers, should openly share their knowledge and not just when asked for it. I support several of the planned KM initiatives such as the capture of information by improving documentation, development of an enterprise web-based portal, and the Knowledge Sharing Initiative (KSI) aimed at changing the companies’ culture. In addition to these activities, an exit strategy could be developed for retiring employees where they must follow standard procedures for employing case-based reasoning in an online database employing a searchable classification system. Additional knowledge could be disseminated by those eligible through training sessions. A reward system should be coupled to these exit requirements and could be increased if the employee decides to be available in the Expert Connections directory of SME’s that could be contacted for support after they leave. New positions might need to be created for dedicated knowledge managers such as Chief knowledge officers. It’s also possible that NASA could obtain some replacement of lost experts by collaborating with space programs in other countries. Collecting the information from experts must be coupled with management support of a corporate wide schema to store the data, methods of dissemination, and apply the information to ultimately make better decisions on projects that involve risking people’s lives. 4) Jean Holm had two options she could choose from: 1) upgrade the IT systems or, 2) change the culture. Which would you choose and why? Is there a third option? Explain your answer. In order for Holm’s to truly have a successful knowledge management system in place, implementation of a hybrid system should be in place; enforcing both upgrade to IT systems occurring simultaneously with changing the private culture into a shared one. Integration of both, changing the culture and IT upgrades will be a lengthy process so it would be critical to first strategically plan for cultivating and managing formal processes for knowledge transfers. Implementing formal processes such as required protocols, reports, standard operating procedures (SOPs) and work instructions for each mission or project should be enforced from every high-level management as it might help with the KM transfer crisis. Once every item has been completed by the high-level management it would be placed into the appropriate IT systems database in conjunction with the integration of the required knowledge management video synopsis from experienced engineers and scientist who exit the centers. Curriculums would be in place with learning modules with specific need encapsulating these protocols, reports, SOPs, work instructions and video synopsis would then be posted on the intranet, ready for the potential novice engineers and scientists entering the NASA work force; making the system more enriched and meaningful. 5) President Obama is implementing changes to NASA’s charter, which will create new ways of funding/executing projects than NASA is used to. Do a little online research. Do you agree or disagree in this change of direction? Explain. Caution; this is not to be addressed as a political issue) The Obama administration’s new NASA charter includes a couple of key parts: A) In February 2010, the Obama administration canceled the Constellation Program, which was started by former President George W. Bush’s administration in 2004. This program aimed to put US astronauts back on the moon by 2020, for the first time since the final Apollo mission. B) In April 2010, Obama proposed increasing NASA’s overall budget by about $6 billion over five years and shifting NASA’s aim for manned space program to Mars (from the moon). By the mid 2030s, â€Å"I believe we can send humans to orbit Mars and return them safely to Earth. And landing on Mars will follow,† he said. C) He also challenged the commercial space industry to take up the routine tasks that NASA would abandon – such as ferrying astronauts to and from the space station. I do not agree with him on the part A and Part B of the new charter. The Constellation Program is already 5 year old, and has spent $9. 1 billion. It has already made significant progress and will help America maintaining its space leadership position over Russia and China. On the other hand, I think that it will set a foundation for manned space mission to Mars. Obama’s vision of manned mission to Mars by mid-2030 does not seem realistic to me as he has not talked about its technology feasibility. However, I do agree with his plan’s Part C. I think that it will significantly reduce the cost for transporting people and cargo to and from low-Earth orbit, and might induce the rise of a true space economy.